R: Optimistic and Pessimistic Swimmers

swimming {WRS2} | R Documentation

## Optimistic and Pessimistic Swimmers

### Description

At a swimming team practice, all participants were asked to swim their best event as far as possible, but in each case the time that was reported was falsified to indicate poorer than expected performance (i.e., each swimmer was disappointed). 30 min later, they did the same performance. The authors predicted that on the second trial more pessimistic swimmers would do worse than on their first trial, whereas optimistic swimmers would do better. The response is ratio = Time1/Time2 (> 1 means that a swimmer did better in trial 2).

### Usage

    swimming

### Format

A data frame with 4 variables and 58 observations:

`Optim`

  Optimists and pessimists

`Sex`

  Gender of the swimmer

`Event`

  Swimming event: freestyle, breaststroke, backstroke

`Ratio`

  Ratio between the swimming times

### References

Seligman, M. E. P., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Thornton, N., & Thornton, C. M. (1990). Explanatory style as a mechanism of disappointing athletic performance. Psychological Science, 1, 143-146.

### Examples

    summary(swimming)

[Package WRS2 version 0.9-2 Index]