# Comparison with data frames

    library(tibble)

Base R offers the `"digits"` and `"scipen"` options to control the number of significant digits and the switch to scientific notation. For tibble, the options `"pillar.sigfig"` and `"pillar.max_dec_width"` fulfill a similar purpose. This vignette showcases similarities and differences. See `?pillar::pillar_options` and `?tibble_options` for an overview over all options.

## Digits

### Basic differences

The default for `getOption("digits")` is 7, whereas the `"pillar.sigfig"` option defaults to 3. In the default setting, pillar prints the first three digits only (i.e. the digits that represent > 99.9% of the value of the number). Another difference is that pillar will show at most the specified number of significant digits, even if space is available. The rationale is to allow a quick glance over the most significant digits of a number, without spending too much horizontal space and without distraction from insignificant digits.

    options(digits = 3)
    c(1.2345, 12.345, 123.45, 1234.5, 12345)

    #> [1]     1.23    12.35   123.45  1234.50 12345.00

    tibble(x = c(1.2345, 12.345, 123.45, 1234.5, 12345))

    #> # A tibble: 5 × 1
    #>          x
    #>      <dbl>
    #> 1     1.23
    #> 2    12.3
    #> 3   123.
    #> 4  1234.
    #> 5 12345

### Terminal zeros

Terminal zeros are only shown in pillar if there is a nonzero value past the significant digits shown. This is in contrast to base R where terminal zeros are always shown if there is space, but hidden if the value is too insignificant:

    c(1, 1.00001)

    #> [1] 1 1

    tibble(x = c(1, 1.00001))

    #> # A tibble: 2 × 1
    #>       x
    #>   <dbl>
    #> 1  1
    #> 2  1.00

### Trailing dot

A trailing decimal separator is shown if there is a fractional part but the integer part already exceeds the significant digits. The presence of the decimal separator does not indicate that the number is larger, only that there exists a nonzero fractional part:

    c(123, 123.45, 567.89)

    #> [1] 123 123 568

    tibble(x = c(123, 123.45, 567.89))

    #> # A tibble: 3 × 1
    #>       x
    #>   <dbl>
    #> 1  123
    #> 2  123.
    #> 3  568.

### Showing more digits

To show more significant digits, set the `"pillar.sigfig"` option to a larger value:

    options(digits = 7)
    options(pillar.sigfig = 7)
    c(1.2345, 12.345, 123.45, 1234.5, 12345)

    #> [1]     1.2345    12.3450   123.4500  1234.5000 12345.0000

    tibble(x = c(1.2345, 12.345, 123.45, 1234.5, 12345))

    #> # A tibble: 5 × 1
    #>            x
    #>        <dbl>
    #> 1     1.2345
    #> 2    12.345
    #> 3   123.45
    #> 4  1234.5
    #> 5 12345

Setting `"pillar.sigfig"` to a larger value will not enhance the display with digits deemed insignificant:

    options(digits = 7)
    options(pillar.sigfig = 7)
    c(1.2345, 12.3456, 123.4567, 1234.5678, 12345.6789)

    #> [1]     1.2345    12.3456   123.4567  1234.5678 12345.6789

    tibble(x = c(1.2345, 12.3456, 123.4567, 1234.5678, 12345.6789))

    #> # A tibble: 5 × 1
    #>            x
    #>        <dbl>
    #> 1     1.2345
    #> 2    12.3456
    #> 3   123.4567
    #> 4  1234.568
    #> 5 12345.68

### Fixed number of digits

To show a fixed number of decimal digits, use `num()` with a `digits` argument:

    num(c(1.2345, 12.345, 123.45, 1234.5, 12345), digits = 2)

    #> <pillar_num:.2![5]>
    #> [1]     1.23    12.35   123.45  1234.50 12345.00

See `vignette("numbers")` for details.

## Scientific notation

### When is it used?

Both base R and pillar switch to scientific notation when the decimal representation becomes too wide. The larger `getOption("scipen")`, the stronger the resistance to switching to scientific notation. The default `0` seems to be anchored at 13 digits for the integer part.

    123456789012

    #> [1] 123456789012

    123456789012.3

    #> [1] 123456789012

    1234567890123

    #> [1] 1.234568e+12

    1234567890123.4

    #> [1] 1.234568e+12

    options(scipen = 1)
    1234567890123

    #> [1] 1234567890123

    12345678901234

    #> [1] 1.234568e+13

    12345678901234.5

    #> [1] 1.234568e+13

The `"pillar.max_dec_width"` option is similar, it indicates the width that must be exceeded for a switch to scientific notation to happen. This width includes the decimal separator.

    tibble(x = 123456789012)

    #> # A tibble: 1 × 1
    #>              x
    #>          <dbl>
    #> 1 123456789012

    tibble(x = 123456789012.3)

    #> # A tibble: 1 × 1
    #>               x
    #>           <dbl>
    #> 1 123456789012.

    tibble(x = 1234567890123)

    #> # A tibble: 1 × 1
    #>               x
    #>           <dbl>
    #> 1 1234567890123

    tibble(x = 1234567890123.4)

    #> # A tibble: 1 × 1
    #>             x
    #>         <dbl>
    #> 1 1.234568e12

    options(pillar.max_dec_width = 14)
    tibble(x = 1234567890123)

    #> # A tibble: 1 × 1
    #>               x
    #>           <dbl>
    #> 1 1234567890123

    tibble(x = 12345678901234)

    #> # A tibble: 1 × 1
    #>                x
    #>            <dbl>
    #> 1 12345678901234

    tibble(x = 12345678901234.5)

    #> # A tibble: 1 × 1
    #>             x
    #>         <dbl>
    #> 1 1.234568e13

### Enforce notation

To avoid switching to scientific notation, set the `"pillar.max_dec_width"` option to a large value. Note that if the required width is not available to show the column, it will not be shown at all in this case. The `notation` argument to `num()` offers more options:

    num(12345678901234567, notation = "dec")

    #> <pillar_num(dec)[1]>
    #> [1] 12345678901234568

    num(12345678901234567, notation = "sci")

    #> <pillar_num(sci)[1]>
    #> [1] 1.234568e16

    num(12345678901234567, notation = "eng")

    #> <pillar_num(eng)[1]>
    #> [1] 12.34568e15

    num(12345678901234567, notation = "si")

    #> <pillar_num(si)[1]>
    #> [1] 12.34568P