Author: Edzer Pebesma

# 6. Miscellaneous

#### Edzer Pebesma

For a better version of the sf vignettes see https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/articles/

This vignette describes a number of issues that did not come up in the previous vignettes, and that may or may not be categorized as “frequently asked questions”. Readers are encouraged to provide entries for this vignette (as for the others).

# What is this EPSG code all about?

EPSG stands for a maintained, well-understood registry of spatial reference systems, maintained by the International Association of Oil & Gass Producers (IOGP). “EPSG” stands for the authority, e.g. “EPSG:4326” stands for spatial reference system with ID 4326 as it is maintained by the EPSG authority. The website for the EPSG registry is found at the epsg.org domain.

# How does `sf` deal with secondary geometry columns?

`sf` objects can have more than one geometry list-column, but always only one geometry column is considered active, and returned by `st_geometry`. When there are multiple geometry columns, the default `print` methods reports which one is active:

    library(sf)
    demo(nc, ask = FALSE, echo = FALSE)
    nc$geom2 = st_centroid(st_geometry(nc))
    print(nc, n = 2)
    ## Simple feature collection with 100 features and 14 fields
    ## Attribute-geometry relationship: 0 constant, 8 aggregate, 6 identity, 1 NA's
    ## Active geometry column: geom
    ## Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
    ## Dimension:     XY
    ## Bounding box:  xmin: -84.32385 ymin: 33.88199 xmax: -75.45698 ymax: 36.58965
    ## Geodetic CRS:  NAD27
    ## First 2 features:
    ##    AREA PERIMETER CNTY_ CNTY_ID      NAME  FIPS FIPSNO CRESS_ID BIR74 SID74
    ## 1 0.114     1.442  1825    1825      Ashe 37009  37009        5  1091     1
    ## 2 0.061     1.231  1827    1827 Alleghany 37005  37005        3   487     0
    ##   NWBIR74 BIR79 SID79 NWBIR79                           geom
    ## 1      10  1364     0      19 MULTIPOLYGON (((-81.47276 3...
    ## 2      10   542     3      12 MULTIPOLYGON (((-81.23989 3...
    ##                        geom2
    ## 1  POINT (-81.49823 36.4314)
    ## 2 POINT (-81.12513 36.49111)

We can switch the active geometry by using `st_geometry<-` or `st_set_geometry`, as in

    plot(st_geometry(nc))

    st_geometry(nc) <- "geom2"
    plot(st_geometry(nc))

# Does `st_simplify` preserve topology?

`st_simplify` is a topology-preserving function, but does this on the level of individual feature geometries. That means, simply said, that after applying it, a polygon will still be a polygon. However when two features have a longer shared boundary, applying `st_simplify` to the object does not guarantee that in the resulting object these two polygons still have the same boundary in common, since the simplification is done independently, for each feature geometry.

# Why do dplyr verbs not work for `sf` objects?

They do! However, many developers like to write scripts that never load packages but address all functions by the `sf::` prefix, as in

    i = sf::st_intersects(sf1, sf2)

This works up to the moment that a `dplyr` generic like `select` for an `sf` object is needed: should one call `dplyr::select` (won’t know it should search in package `sf`) or `sf::select` (which doesn’t exist)? Neither works. One should in this case simply load `sf`, e.g. by

    library(sf)

# What is this error/warning/message about?

## although coordinates are longitude/latitude, xxx assumes that they are planar

Most (but not all) of the geometry calculating routines used by `sf` come from the GEOS library. This library considers coordinates in a two-dimensional, flat, Euclidean space. For longitude latitude data, this is not the case. A simple example is a polygon enclosing the North pole, which should include the pole:

    polygon = st_sfc(st_polygon(list(rbind(c(0,80), c(120,80), c(240,80), c(0,80)))),
            crs = 4326)
    pole = st_sfc(st_point(c(0,90)), crs = 4326)
    st_intersects(polygon, pole)
    ## Sparse geometry binary predicate list of length 1, where the predicate
    ## was `intersects'
    ##  1: 1

which gives a wrong result (no intersection).

## st_centroid does not give correct centroids for longitude/latitude data

Similar to the above, centroids are computed assuming flat, 2D space:

    st_centroid(polygon)[[1]]
    ## POINT (0 90)

where the centroid should have been the pole.

## dist is assumed to be in decimal degrees (arc_degrees).

This message indicates that `sf` assumes a distance value is given in degrees. To avoid this message, pass a value with the right units:

    pt = st_sfc(st_point(c(0,0)), crs = 4326)
    buf = st_buffer(polygon, 1)
    buf = st_buffer(polygon, units::set_units(1, degree))