R: Import data from King's College London networks

importKCL {openair} | R Documentation

## Import data from King's College London networks

### Description

Function for importing hourly mean data from King's College London networks. Files are imported from a remote server operated by King's College London that provides air quality data files as R data objects.

### Usage

    importKCL(
      site = "my1",
      year = 2009,
      pollutant = "all",
      met = FALSE,
      units = "mass",
      extra = FALSE,
      meta = FALSE,
      to_narrow = FALSE
    )

### Arguments

`site` | Site code of the network site to import e.g. "my1" is Marylebone Road. Several sites can be imported with `site = c("my1", "kc1")` — to import Marylebone Road and North Kensignton for example.
`year` | Year or years to import. To import a sequence of years from 1990 to 2000 use `year = 1990:2000`. To import several specfic years use `year = c(1990, 1995, 2000)` for example.
`pollutant` | Pollutants to import. If omitted will import all pollutants from a site. To import only NOx and NO2 for example use `pollutant = c("nox", "no2")`.
`met` | Should meteorological data be added to the import data? The default is `FALSE`. If `TRUE` wind speed (m/s), wind direction (degrees), solar radiation and rain amount are available. See details below. Access to reliable and free meteorological data is problematic.
`units` | By default the returned data frame expresses the units in mass terms (ug/m3 for NOx, NO2, O3, SO2; mg/m3 for CO). Use `units = "volume"` to use ppb etc. PM10_raw TEOM data are multiplied by 1.3 and PM2.5 have no correction applied. See details below concerning PM10 concentrations.
`extra` | Not currently used.
`meta` | Should meta data be returned? If `TRUE` the site type, latitude and longitude are returned.
`to_narrow` | By default the returned data has a column for each pollutant/variable. When `to_narrow = TRUE` the data are stacked into a narrow format with a column identifying the pollutant name.

### Details

The `importKCL` function has been written to make it easy to import data from the King's College London air pollution networks. KCL have provided .RData files (R workspaces) of all individual sites and years for the KCL networks. These files are updated on a weekly basis. This approach requires a link to the Internet to work.

There are several advantages over the web portal approach where .csv files are downloaded. First, it is quick to select a range of sites, pollutants and periods (see examples below). Second, storing the data as .RData objects is very efficient as they are about four times smaller than .csv files — which means the data downloads quickly and saves bandwidth. Third, the function completely avoids any need for data manipulation or setting time formats, time zones etc. Finally, it is easy to import many years of data beyond the current limit of about 64,000 lines. The final point makes it possible to download several long time series in one go. The function also has the advantage that the proper site name is imported and used in `openair` functions.

The site codes and pollutant names can be upper or lower case. The function will issue a warning when data less than six months old is downloaded, which may not be ratified.

The data are imported by stacking sites on top of one another and will have field names `date`, `site`, `code` (the site code) and pollutant(s). Sometimes it is useful to have columns of site data. This can be done using the `reshape` function — see examples below.

The situation for particle measurements is not straightforward given the variety of methods used to measure particle mass and changes in their use over time. The `importKCL` function imports two measures of PM10 where available. `PM10_raw` are TEOM measurements with a 1.3 factor applied to take account of volatile losses. The `PM10` data is a current best estimate of a gravimetric equivalent measure as described below. NOTE! many sites have several instruments that measure PM10 or PM2.5. In the case of FDMS measurements, these are given as separate site codes (see below). For example "MY1" will be TEOM with VCM applied and "MY7" is the FDMS data.

Where FDMS data are used the volatile and non-volatile components are separately reported i.e. v10 = volatile PM10, v2.5 = volatile PM2.5, nv10 = non-volatile PM10 and nv2.5 = non-volatile PM2.5. Therefore, PM10 = v10 + nv10 and PM2.5 = v2.5 + nv2.5.

For the assessment of the EU Limit Values, PM10 needs to be measured using the reference method or one shown to be equivalent to the reference method. Defra carried out extensive trials between 2004 and 2006 to establish which types of particulate analysers in use in the UK were equivalent. These trials found that measurements made using Partisol, FDMS, BAM and SM200 instruments were shown to be equivalent to the PM10 reference method. However, correction factors need to be applied to measurements from the SM200 and BAM instruments. Importantly, the TEOM was demonstrated as not being equivalent to the reference method due to the loss of volatile PM, even when the 1.3 correction factor was applied. The Volatile Correction Model (VCM) was developed for Defra at King's to allow measurements of PM10 from TEOM instruments to be converted to reference equivalent; it uses the measurements of volatile PM made using nearby FDMS instruments to correct the measurements made by the TEOM. It passed the equivalence testing using the same methodology used in the Defra trials and is now the recommended method for correcting TEOM measurements (Defra, 2009). VCM correction of TEOM measurements can only be applied after 1st January 2004, when sufficiently widespread measurements of volatile PM became available. The 1.3 correction factor is now considered redundant for measurements of PM10 made after 1st January 2004. Further information on the VCM can be found at http://www.volatile-correction-model.info/.

All PM10 statistics on the LondonAir web site, including the bulletins and statistical tools (and in the RData objects downloaded using `importKCL`), now report PM10 results as reference equivalent. For PM10 measurements made by BAM and SM200 analysers the applicable correction factors have been applied. For measurements from TEOM analysers the 1.3 factor has been applied up to 1st January 2004, then the VCM method has been used to convert to reference equivalent.

The meteorological data are meant to represent 'typical' conditions in London, but users may prefer to use their own data. The data provide a an estimate of general meteorological conditions across Greater London. For meteorological species (wd, ws, rain, solar) each data point is formed by averaging measurements from a subset of LAQN monitoring sites that have been identified as having minimal disruption from local obstacles and a long term reliable dataset. The exact sites used varies between species, but include between two and five sites per species. Therefore, the data should represent 'London scale' meteorology, rather than local conditions.

While the function is being developed, the following site codes should help with selection. We will also make available other meta data such as site type and location to make it easier to select sites based on other information. Note that these codes need to be refined because only the common species are available for export currently i.e. NOx, NO2, O3, CO, SO2, PM10, PM2.5.

- A30 | Kingston - Kingston Bypass A3 | Roadside

- AD1 | Shoreham-by-Sea | Kerbside

- AR1 | Chichester - Lodsworth | Rural

- AR2 | Wealden - Isfield | Rural

- AS1 | Bath Aethalometer | Urban Background

- BA1 | Basildon - Gloucester Park | Roadside

- BB1 | Broxbourne (Roadside) | Roadside

- BE0 | Belfast - Carbon | Urban Background

- BE1 | Belfast Centre AURN | Urban Background

- BE3 | Belfast Centre Aethalometer | Urban Background

- BE7 | Belfast Centre FDMS trial | Urban Background

- BE8 | Belfast - Nitrate | Urban Background

- BE9 | Belfast - Partisol SO4 | Urban Background

- BF1 | Bedford Stewartby (Rural) | Industrial

- BF3 | Bedford - Kempston | Industrial

- BF4 | Bedford - Prebend Street | Roadside

- BF5 | Bedford - Lurke Street | Roadside

- BG1 | Barking and Dagenham - Rush Green | Suburban

- BG2 | Barking and Dagenham - Scrattons Farm | Suburban

- BG3 | Barking and Dagenham - North Street | Kerbside

- BH0 | Brighton Preston Park AURN | Urban Background

- BH1 | Brighton Roadside | Roadside

- BH2 | Brighton and Hove - Hove Town Hall | Roadside

- BH3 | Brighton and Hove - Foredown Tower | Urban Background

- BH5 | Brighton Mobile (Preston Fire Station) | Roadside

- BH6 | Brighton Mobile (Lewes Road) | Roadside

- BH7 | Brighton Mobile (Gloucester Road) | Roadside

- BH8 | Brighton and Hove - Stanmer Park | Rural

- BH9 | Brighton Mobile Beaconsfield Road | Roadside

- BI1 | Birmingham Tyburn CPC | Urban Background

- BL0 | Camden - Bloomsbury | Urban Background

- BL1 | Bloomsbury AURN SMPS | Urban Background

- BM1 | Ballymena - Ballykeel | Suburban

- BM2 | Ballymena - North Road | Roadside

- BN1 | Barnet - Tally Ho Corner | Kerbside

- BN2 | Barnet - Finchley | Urban Background

- BN3 | Barnet - Strawberry Vale | Urban Background

- BO1 | Ballymoney 1 | Suburban

- BP0 | Westminster - Bridge Place | Urban Background

- BQ5 | Bexley - Manor Road West Gravimetric | Industrial

- BQ6 | Bexley - Manor Road East Gravimetric | Industrial

- BQ7 | Belvedere West | Urban Background

- BQ8 | Belvedere West FDMS | Urban Background

- BT1 | Brent - Kingsbury | Suburban

- BT2 | Brent - Ikea Car Park | Roadside

- BT3 | Brent - Harlesden | Roadside

- BT4 | Brent - Ikea | Roadside

- BT5 | Brent - Neasden Lane | Industrial

- BT6 | Brent - John Keble Primary School | Roadside

- BT7 | Brent - St Marys Primary School | Urban Background

- BW1 | Brentwood - Brentwood Town Hall | Urban Background

- BX0 | Bexley - Belvedere FDMS | Suburban

- BX1 | Bexley - Slade Green | Suburban

- BX2 | Bexley - Belvedere | Suburban

- BX3 | Bexley - Thamesmead | Suburban

- BX4 | Bexley - Erith | Industrial

- BX5 | Bexley - Bedonwell | Suburban

- BX6 | Bexley - Thames Road North FDMS | Roadside

- BX7 | Bexley - Thames Road North | Roadside

- BX8 | Bexley - Thames Road South | Roadside

- BX9 | Bexley - Slade Green FDMS | Suburban

- BY1 | Bromley - Rent Office | Urban Background

- BY4 | Bromley - Tweedy Rd | Roadside

- BY5 | Bromley - Biggin Hill | Suburban

- BY7 | Bromley - Harwood Avenue | Roadside

- CA1 | Crawley Background | Urban Background

- CA2 | Crawley - Gatwick Airport | Urban Background

- CB1 | Chelmsford - Fire Station | Roadside

- CB2 | Chelmsford - Springfield Road | Roadside

- CB3 | Chelmsford - Chignal St James | Urban Background

- CB4 | Chelmsford - Baddow Road | Roadside

- CC1 | Colchester - Lucy Lane South | Roadside

- CC2 | Colchester - Brook Street | Roadside

- CC3 | Colchester - Mersea Road | Roadside

- CD1 | Camden - Swiss Cottage | Kerbside

- CD3 | Camden - Shaftesbury Avenue | Roadside

- CD4 | Camden - St Martins College (NOX 1) | Urban Background

- CD5 | Camden - St Martins College (NOX 2) | Urban Background

- CD7 | Camden - Swiss Cottage Partisol | Kerbside

- CD9 | Camden - Euston Road | Roadside

- CF1 | Cardiff Aethalometer | Urban Background

- CH1 | Cheltenham | Urban Background

- CI1 | Chichester - A27 Chichester Bypass | Roadside

- CI4 | Chichester - Orchard Street | Roadside

- CK1 | Cookstown | Suburban

- CP1 | Castle Point - Canvey Island | Urban Background

- CR2 | Croydon - Purley Way | Roadside

- CR3 | Croydon - Thornton Heath | Suburban

- CR4 | Croydon - George Street | Roadside

- CR5 | Croydon - Norbury | Kerbside

- CR6 | Croydon - Euston Road | Suburban

- CT1 | City of London - Senator House | Urban Background

- CT2 | City of London - Farringdon Street | Kerbside

- CT3 | City of London - Sir John Cass School | Urban Background

- CT4 | City of London - Beech Street | Roadside

- CT6 | City of London - Walbrook Wharf | Roadside

- CT8 | City of London - Upper Thames Street | Roadside

- CY1 | Crystal Palace - Crystal Palace Parade | Roadside

- DC1 | Dacorum 1 Hemel Hempstead (Background) | Urban Background

- DC2 | Dacorum 2 Hemel Hempstead (Background) | Urban Background

- DC3 | High Street Northchurch | Roadside

- DE1 | Derry City - Brandywell | Urban Background

- DE2 | Derry City - Dales Corner | Roadside

- DM1 | Dunmurry Aethalometer | Urban Background

- EA0 | Ealing - Acton Town Hall FDMS | Roadside

- EA1 | Ealing - Ealing Town Hall | Urban Background

- EA2 | Ealing - Acton Town Hall | Roadside

- EA3 | Ealing 3 - A40 East Acton | Roadside

- EA4 | Ealing Mobile - Hamilton Road | Roadside

- EA5 | Ealing Mobile - Southall | Roadside

- EA6 | Ealing - Hanger Lane Gyratory | Roadside

- EA7 | Ealing - Southall | Urban Background

- EA8 | Ealing - Horn Lane | Industrial

- EA9 | Ealing - Court Way | Roadside

- EB1 | Eastbourne - Devonshire Park | Urban Background

- EB3 | Eastbourne - Holly Place | Urban Background

- EH1 | E Herts Throcking (Rural) | Rural

- EH2 | East Herts Sawbridgeworth (Background) | Urban Background

- EH3 | East Herts Sawbridgeworth (Roadside) | Roadside

- EH4 | East Herts Ware | Roadside

- EH5 | East Herts Bishops Stortford | Roadside

- EI0 | Ealing - Greenford | Urban Background

- EI1 | Ealing - Western Avenue | Roadside

- EL1 | Elmbridge - Bell Farm Hersham | Urban Background

- EL2 | Elmbridge - Esher High Street | Roadside

- EL3 | Elmbridge - Hampton Court Parade | Roadside

- EL4 | Elmbridge - Walton High Street | Kerbside

- EN1 | Enfield - Bushhill Park | Suburban

- EN2 | Enfield - Church Street | Roadside

- EN3 | Enfield - Salisbury School | Urban Background

- EN4 | Enfield - Derby Road | Roadside

- EN5 | Enfield - Bowes Primary School | Roadside

- FB1 | Rushmoor - Medway Drive | Roadside

- GB0 | Greenwich and Bexley - Falconwood FDMS | Roadside

- GB6 | Greenwich and Bexley - Falconwood | Roadside

- GL1 | Glasgow Centre | Suburban

- GL4 | Glasgow Centre Aethalometer | Suburban

- GN0 | Greenwich - A206 Burrage Grove | Roadside

- GN2 | Greenwich - Millennium Village | Industrial

- GN3 | Greenwich - Plumstead High Street | Roadside

- GN4 | Greenwich - Fiveways Sidcup Rd A20 | Roadside

- GR4 | Greenwich - Eltham | Suburban

- GR5 | Greenwich - Trafalgar Road | Roadside

- GR7 | Greenwich - Blackheath | Roadside

- GR8 | Greenwich - Woolwich Flyover | Roadside

- GR9 | Greenwich - Westhorne Avenue | Roadside

- HA0 | Harwell - Carbon | Rural

- HA1 | Harwell Rural AURN | Rural

- HA2 | Harwell Rural PARTISOL | Rural

- HA4 | Harwell Rural SMPS | Rural

- HA9 | Harwell - Partisol SO4 | Urban Background

- HF1 | Hammersmith and Fulham - Broadway | Roadside

- HF2 | Hammersmith and Fulham - Brook Green | Urban Background

- HF3 | Hammersmith and Fulham - Scrubs Lane | Kerbside

- HG1 | Haringey - Haringey Town Hall | Roadside

- HG2 | Haringey - Priory Park | Urban Background

- HG3 | Haringey - Bounds Green | Roadside

- HI0 | Hillingdon - Sipson Road | Suburban

- HI1 | Hillingdon - South Ruislip | Roadside

- HI2 | Hillingdon - Hillingdon Hospital | Roadside

- HI3 | Hillingdon - Oxford Avenue | Roadside

- HK4 | Hackney - Clapton | Urban Background

- HK6 | Hackney - Old Street | Roadside

- HL1 | Halifax Aethalometer | Urban Background

- HM1 | Hertsmere Borehamwood 1 (Background) | Urban Background

- HM4 | Hertsmere - Borehamwood | Urban Background

- HO1 | Horsham Background | Urban Background

- HO2 | Horsham - Park Way | Roadside

- HO4 | Horsham - Storrington | Roadside

- HO5 | Horsham - Cowfold | Roadside

- HR1 | Harrow - Stanmore | Urban Background

- HR2 | Harrow - Pinner Road | Roadside

- HS1 | Hounslow - Brentford | Roadside

- HS2 | Hounslow - Cranford | Suburban

- HS3 | Hounslow - Brentford | Roadside

- HS4 | Hounslow - Chiswick High Road | Roadside

- HS5 | Hounslow - Brentford | Roadside

- HS6 | Hounslow - Heston Road | Roadside

- HS7 | Hounslow - Hatton Cross | Urban Background

- HS9 | Hounslow - Feltham | Roadside

- HT1 | Hastings - Bulverhythe | Roadside

- HT2 | Hastings - Fresh Fields | Roadside

- HV1 | Havering - Rainham | Roadside

- HV2 | Havering - Harold Hill | Suburban

- HV3 | Havering - Romford | Roadside

- HX0 | Birmingham Tyburn Aethalometer | Urban Background

- IC6 | City of London - Walbrook Wharf Indoor | Roadside

- IG4 | Greenwich - Eltham Ecology Centre Indoor | Urban Background

- IS1 | Islington - Upper Street | Urban Background

- IS2 | Islington - Holloway Road | Roadside

- IS4 | Islington - Foxham Gardens | Urban Background

- IS5 | Islington - Duncan Terrace | Roadside

- IS6 | Islington - Arsenal | Urban Background

- IT2 | Tower Hamlets - Mile End Road | Roadside

- KB1 | South Kirkby Aethalometer | Urban Background

- KC0 | North Kensington - Carbon | Urban Background

- KC1 | Kensington and Chelsea - North Ken | Urban Background

- KC2 | Kensington and Chelsea - Cromwell Road | Roadside

- KC3 | Kensington and Chelsea - Knightsbridge | Roadside

- KC4 | Kensington and Chelsea - Kings Road | Roadside

- KC5 | Kensington and Chelsea - Earls Court Rd | Kerbside

- KC7 | Kensington and Chelsea - North Ken FDMS | Urban Background

- KC9 | North Kensington - Partisol SO4 | Urban Background

- KT1 | Kingston - Chessington | Suburban

- KT2 | Kingston - Town Centre | Roadside

- LA1 | Luton Airport | Urban Background

- LB1 | Lambeth - Christchurch Road | Roadside

- LB2 | Lambeth - Vauxhall Cross | Roadside

- LB3 | Lambeth - Loughborough Junct | Urban Background

- LB4 | Lambeth - Brixton Road | Kerbside

- LB5 | Lambeth - Bondway Interchange | Roadside

- LB6 | Lambeth - Streatham Green | Urban Background

- LH0 | Hillingdon - Harlington | Urban Background

- LH2 | Heathrow Airport | Urban Background

- LL1 | Lullington Heath Rural AURN | Rural

- LN1 | Luton - Challney Community College | Urban Background

- LS1 | Lewes - Telscombe Cliffs | Roadside

- LS2 | Lewes - Commercial Square | Roadside

- LS4 | Newhaven - Denton School | Urban Background

- LW1 | Lewisham - Catford | Urban Background

- LW2 | Lewisham - New Cross | Roadside

- LW3 | Lewisham - Mercury Way | Industrial

- MA1 | Manchester Piccadilly CPC | Urban Background

- MA2 | Manchester Piccadilly | Urban Background

- MD1 | Mid Beds Biggleswade (Roadside) | Roadside

- MD2 | Mid Beds Silsoe (Rural) | Rural

- MD3 | Central Beds - Sandy | Roadside

- MD4 | Central Beds - Marston Vale | Rural

- ME1 | Merton - Morden Civic Centre | Roadside

- MP1 | Marchwood Power - Marchwood | Industrial

- MP2 | Marchwood Power - Millbrook Rd Soton | Industrial

- MR3 | Marylebone Road Aethalometer | Kerbside

- MV1 | Mole Valley - Leatherhead | Rural

- MV2 | Mole Valley - Lower Ashtead | Suburban

- MV3 | Mole Valley - Dorking | Urban Background

- MW1 | Windsor and Maidenhead - Frascati Way | Roadside

- MW2 | Windsor and Maidenhead - Clarence Road | Roadside

- MW3 | Windsor and Maidenhead - Ascot | Rural

- MY0 | Marylebone Road - Carbon | Kerbside

- MY1 | Westminster - Marylebone Road | Kerbside

- MY7 | Westminster - Marylebone Road FDMS | Kerbside

- NA5 | Newtownabbey- Mallusk | Urban Background

- NA6 | Newtownabbey- Shore Road | Roadside

- NE2 | Port Talbot TEOM and CPC | Urban Background

- NF1 | New Forest - Holbury | Industrial

- NF2 | New Forest - Fawley | Industrial

- NF3 | New Forest - Ringwood | Urban Background

- NF4 | New Forest - Totton | Roadside

- NF5 | New Forest - Lyndhurst | Roadside

- NH1 | North Herts Mobile - Baldock 1 | Roadside

- NH2 | North Herts Mobile - Baldock 2 | Roadside

- NH3 | North Herts Mobile - Royston | Urban Background

- NH4 | North Herts - Breechwood Green | Urban Background

- NH5 | North Herts - Baldock Roadside | Roadside

- NH6 | North Herts - Hitchin Library | Roadside

- NK1 | North Kensington - CPC | Urban Background

- NK3 | North Kensington Aethalometer | Urban Background

- NK6 | North Kensington - URG | Urban Background

- NM1 | Newham - Tant Avenue | Urban Background

- NM2 | Newham - Cam Road | Roadside

- NM3 | Newham - Wren Close | Urban Background

- NW1 | Norwich Centre Aethalometer | Urban Background

- OX0 | Oxford Centre Roadside AURN | Urban Background

- OX1 | South Oxfordshire - Henley | Roadside

- OX2 | South Oxfordshire - Wallingford | Roadside

- OX3 | South Oxfordshire - Watlington | Roadside

- OX4 | Oxford St Ebbes AURN | Urban Background

- PO1 | Portsmouth Background AURN | Urban Background

- PT6 | Port Talbot Dyffryn School | Industrial

- RB1 | Redbridge - Perth Terrace | Urban Background

- RB2 | Redbridge - Ilford Broadway | Kerbside

- RB3 | Redbridge - Fullwell Cross | Kerbside

- RB4 | Redbridge - Gardner Close | Roadside

- RB5 | Redbridge - South Woodford | Roadside

- RD0 | Reading AURN - New Town | Urban Background

- RD1 | Reading - Caversham Road | Roadside

- RD2 | Reading - Kings Road | Roadside

- RD3 | Reading - Oxford Road | Roadside

- RG1 | Reigate and Banstead - Horley | Suburban

- RG2 | Reigate and Banstead - Horley South | Suburban

- RG3 | Reigate and Banstead - Poles Lane | Rural

- RG4 | Reigate and Banstead - Reigate High St | Kerbside

- RHA | Richmond - Lower Mortlake Road | Roadside

- RHB | Richmond - Lower Mortlake Road | Roadside

- RI1 | Richmond - Castelnau | Roadside

- RI2 | Richmond - Barnes Wetlands | Suburban

- RI5 | Richmond Mobile - St Margarets | Kerbside

- RI6 | Richmond Mobile - St Margarets | Kerbside

- RI7 | Richmond Mobile - Richmond Park | Suburban

- RI8 | Richmond Mobile - Richmond Park | Suburban

- RIA | Richmond Mobile - George Street | Kerbside

- RIB | Richmond Mobile - George Street | Kerbside

- RIC | Richmond Mobile - Kew Rd | Kerbside

- RID | Richmond Mobile - Kew Rd | Kerbside

- RIE | Richmond Mobile - Richmond Rd Twickenham | Roadside

- RIF | Richmond Mobile - Richmond Rd Twickenham | Roadside

- RIG | Richmond Mobile - Upper Teddington Rd | Roadside

- RIH | Richmond Mobile - Upper Teddington Rd | Roadside

- RII | Richmond Mobile - Somerset Rd Teddington | Urban Background

- RIJ | Richmond Mobile - Somerset Rd Teddington | Urban Background

- RIK | Richmond Mobile - St. Margarets Grove | Urban Background

- RIL | Richmond Mobile - St. Margarets Grove | Urban Background

- RIM | Richmond Mobile - Petersham Rd Ham | Roadside

- RIN | Richmond Mobile - Petersham Rd Ham | Roadside

- RIO | Richmond Mobile - Stanley Rd Twickenham | Roadside

- RIP | Richmond Mobile - Stanley Rd Twickenham | Roadside

- RIQ | Richmond Mobile - Richmond Rd Twickenham | Roadside

- RIR | Richmond Mobile - Richmond Rd Twickenham | Roadside

- RIS | Richmond Mobile - Lincoln Ave Twickenham | Roadside

- RIU | Richmond Mobile - Mortlake Rd Kew | Roadside

- RIW | Richmond - Upper Teddington Road | Roadside

- RIY | Richmond - Hampton Court Road | Kerbside

- RO1 | Rochford - Rayleigh High Street | Roadside

- RY1 | Rother - Rye Harbour | Rural

- RY2 | Rother - De La Warr Road | Roadside

- SA1 | St Albans - Fleetville | Urban Background

- SB1 | South Beds - Dunstable | Urban Background

- SC1 | Sevenoaks 1 | Suburban

- SD1 | Southend-on-Sea AURN | Urban Background

- SE1 | Stevenage - Lytton Way | Roadside

- SH1 | Southampton Background AURN | Urban Background

- SH2 | Southampton - Redbridge | Roadside

- SH3 | Southampton - Onslow Road | Roadside

- SH4 | Southampton - Bitterne | Urban Background

- SK1 | Southwark - Larcom Street | Urban Background

- SK2 | Southwark - Old Kent Road | Roadside

- SK5 | Southwark - A2 Old Kent Road | Roadside

- SL1 | Sunderland Aethalometer | Urban Background

- ST1 | Sutton - Robin Hood School | Roadside

- ST2 | Sutton - North Cheam | Urban Background

- ST3 | Sutton - Carshalton | Suburban

- ST4 | Sutton - Wallington | Kerbside

- ST5 | Sutton - Beddington Lane | Industrial

- ST6 | Sutton - Worcester Park | Kerbside

- ST7 | Sutton - Therapia Lane | Industrial

- SU1 | Sussex Mobile10 Stockbridge | Kerbside

- SU2 | Sussex Mobile11 Jct Whitley Rd | Kerbside

- SU3 | Sussex Mobile12 Cowfold | Kerbside

- SU4 | Sussex Mobile 13 Newhaven | Roadside

- SU5 | Sussex Mobile 14 Crawley | Roadside

- SU6 | Sussex Mobile15 Chichester County Hall | Urban Background

- SU7 | Sussex Mobile 16 Warnham | Rural

- SU8 | Sussex Mobile 17 Newhaven Paradise Park | Roadside

- SX1 | Sussex Mobile 1 | Urban Background

- SX2 | Sussex Mobile 2 North Berstead | Roadside

- SX3 | Sussex Mobile 3 | Roadside

- SX4 | Sussex Mobile 4 Adur | Roadside

- SX5 | Sussex Mobile 5 Fresh Fields Rd Hastings | Roadside

- SX6 | Sussex Mobile 6 Orchard St Chichester | Roadside

- SX7 | Sussex Mobile 7 New Road Newhaven | Roadside

- SX8 | Sussex Mobile 8 Arundel | Kerbside

- SX9 | Sussex Mobile 9 Newhaven Kerbside | Kerbside

- TD0 | Richmond - National Physical Laboratory | Suburban

- TE0 | Tendring St Osyth AURN | Rural

- TE1 | Tendring - Town Hall | Roadside

- TH1 | Tower Hamlets - Poplar | Urban Background

- TH2 | Tower Hamlets - Mile End Road | Roadside

- TH3 | Tower Hamlets - Bethnal Green | Urban Background

- TH4 | Tower Hamlets - Blackwall | Roadside

- TK1 | Thurrock - London Road (Grays) | Urban Background

- TK2 | Thurrock - Purfleet | Roadside

- TK3 | Thurrock - Stanford-le-Hope | Roadside

- TK8 | Thurrock - London Road (Purfleet) | Roadside

- TR1 | Three Rivers - Rickmansworth | Urban Background

- UT1 | Uttlesford - Saffron Walden Fire Station | Roadside

- UT2 | Uttlesford - Takeley | Urban Background

- UT3 | Uttlesford - Broxted Farm | Rural

- VS1 | Westminster - Victoria Street | Kerbside

- WA1 | Wandsworth - Garratt Lane | Roadside

- WA2 | Wandsworth - Town Hall | Urban Background

- WA3 | Wandsworth - Roehampton | Rural

- WA4 | Wandsworth - High Street | Roadside

- WA6 | Wandsworth - Tooting | Roadside

- WA7 | Wandsworth - Putney High Street | Kerbside

- WA8 | Wandsworth - Putney High Street Facade | Roadside

- WA9 | Wandsworth - Putney | Urban Background

- WE0 | Kensington and Chelsea - Pembroke Road | Urban Background

- WF1 | Watford (Roadside) | Roadside

- WF2 | Watford - Watford Town Hall | Roadside

- WH1 | Welwyn Hatfield - Council Offices | Urban Background

- WL1 | Waltham Forest - Dawlish Road | Urban Background

- WL2 | Waltham Forest - Mobile | Roadside

- WL3 | Waltham Forest - Chingford | Roadside

- WL4 | Waltham Forest - Crooked Billet | Kerbside

- WL5 | Waltham Forest - Leyton | Roadside

- WM0 | Westminster - Horseferry Road | Urban Background

- WM3 | Westminster - Hyde Park Partisol | Roadside

- WM4 | Westminster - Charing Cross Library | Roadside

- WM5 | Westminster - Covent Garden | Urban Background

- WM6 | Westminster - Oxford St | Kerbside

- WR1 | Bradford Town Hall Aethalometer | Urban Background

- WT1 | Worthing - Grove Lodge | Kerbside

- XB1 | Bletchley | Rural

- XS1 | Shukri Outdoor | Industrial

- XS2 | Shukri Indoor | Industrial

- XS3 | Osiris mobile | Urban Background

- YH1 | Harrogate Roadside | Roadside

- ZA1 | Ashford Rural - Pluckley | Rural

- ZA2 | Ashford Roadside | Roadside

- ZA3 | Ashford Background | Urban Background

- ZA4 | Ashford M20 Background | Urban Background

- ZC1 | Chatham Roadside - A2 | Roadside

- ZD1 | Dover Roadside - Town Hall | Roadside

- ZD2 | Dover Roadside - Townwall Street | Roadside

- ZD3 | Dover Background - Langdon Cliff | Urban Background

- ZD4 | Dover Background - East Cliff | Urban Background

- ZD5 | Dover Coast Guard Met | Urban Background

- ZD6 | Dover Docks | Industrial

- ZF1 | Folkestone Suburban - Cheriton | Suburban

- ZG1 | Gravesham Backgrnd - Northfleet | Urban Background

- ZG2 | Gravesham Roadside - A2 | Roadside

- ZG3 | Gravesham Ind Bgd - Northfleet | Urban Background

- ZH1 | Thanet Rural - Minster | Rural

- ZH2 | Thanet Background - Margate | Urban Background

- ZH3 | Thanet Airport - Manston | Urban Background

- ZH4 | Thanet Roadside - Ramsgate | Roadside

- ZL1 | Luton Background | Urban Background

- ZM1 | Maidstone Meteorological | Urban Background

- ZM2 | Maidstone Roadside - Fairmeadow | Kerbside

- ZM3 | Maidstone Rural - Detling | Rural

- ZR1 | Dartford Roadside - St Clements | Kerbside

- ZR2 | Dartford Roadside 2 - Town Centre | Roadside

- ZR3 | Dartford Roadside 3 - Bean Interchange | Roadside

- ZS1 | Stoke Rural AURN | Rural

- ZT1 | Tonbridge Roadside - Town Centre | Roadside

- ZT2 | Tunbridge Wells Background - Town Hall | Urban Background

- ZT3 | Tunbridge Wells Rural - Southborough | Rural

- ZT4 | Tunbridge Wells Roadside - St Johns | Roadside

- ZT5 | Tonbridge Roadside 2 - High St | Roadside

- ZV1 | Sevenoaks - Greatness Park | Urban Background

- ZV2 | Sevenoaks - Bat and Ball | Roadside

- ZW1 | Swale Roadside - Ospringe A2 | Roadside

- ZW2 | Swale Background - Sheerness | Urban Background

- ZW3 | Swale Roadside 2 - Ospringe Street | Roadside

- ZY1 | Canterbury Backgrnd - Chaucer TS | Urban Background

- ZY2 | Canterbury Roadside - St Dunstans | Roadside

- ZY4 | Canterbury St Peters Place | Roadside

### Value

Returns a data frame of hourly mean values with date in POSIXct class and time zone GMT.

### Author(s)

David Carslaw and Ben Barratt

### See Also

`importAURN`, `importADMS`, `importSAQN`

### Examples

    ## import all pollutants from Marylebone Rd from 1990:2009
    ## Not run: mary <- importKCL(site = "my1", year = 2000:2009)

    ## import nox, no2, o3 from Marylebone Road and North Kensignton for 2000
    ## Not run: thedata <- importKCL(site = c("my1", "kc1"), year = 2000,
    pollutant = c("nox", "no2", "o3"))
    ## End(Not run)

    ## import met data too...
    ## Not run: my1 <- importKCL(site = "my1", year = 2008, met = TRUE)

[Package openair version 2.8-5 Index]