R: One Dimensional Root (Zero) Finding

uniroot {stats} | R Documentation

## One Dimensional Root (Zero) Finding

### Description

The function `uniroot` searches the interval from `lower` to `upper` for a root (i.e., zero) of the function `f` with respect to its first argument.

Setting `extendInt` to a non-`"no"` string, means searching for the correct `interval = c(lower,upper)` if `sign(f(x))` does not satisfy the requirements at the interval end points; see the ‘Details’ section.

### Usage

    uniroot(f, interval, ...,
            lower = min(interval), upper = max(interval),
            f.lower = f(lower, ...), f.upper = f(upper, ...),
            extendInt = c("no", "yes", "downX", "upX"), check.conv = FALSE,
            tol = .Machine$double.eps^0.25, maxiter = 1000, trace = 0)

### Arguments

`f` | the function for which the root is sought.
`interval` | a vector containing the end-points of the interval to be searched for the root.
`...` | additional named or unnamed arguments to be passed to `f`
`lower, upper` | the lower and upper end points of the interval to be searched.
`f.lower, f.upper` | the same as `f(upper)` and `f(lower)`, respectively. Passing these values from the caller where they are often known is more economical as soon as `f()` contains non-trivial computations.
`extendInt` | character string specifying if the interval `c(lower,upper)` should be extended or directly produce an error when `f()` does not have differing signs at the endpoints. The default, `"no"`, keeps the search interval and hence produces an error. Can be abbreviated.
`check.conv` | logical indicating whether a convergence warning of the underlying `uniroot` should be caught as an error and if non-convergence in `maxiter` iterations should be an error instead of a warning.
`tol` | the desired accuracy (convergence tolerance).
`maxiter` | the maximum number of iterations.
`trace` | integer number; if positive, tracing information is produced. Higher values giving more details.

### Details

Note that arguments after `...` must be matched exactly.

Either `interval` or both `lower` and `upper` must be specified: the upper endpoint must be strictly larger than the lower endpoint. The function values at the endpoints must be of opposite signs (or zero), for `extendInt="no"`, the default. Otherwise, if `extendInt="yes"`, the interval is extended on both sides, in search of a sign change, i.e., until the search interval [l,u] satisfies f(l) * f(u) <= 0.

If it is known how f changes sign at the root x0, that is, if the function is increasing or decreasing there, `extendInt` can (and typically should) be specified as `"upX"` (for “upward crossing”) or `"downX"`, respectively. Equivalently, define S:= +/- 1, to require S = sign(f(x0 + eps)) at the solution. In that case, the search interval [l,u] possibly is extended to be such that S * f(l) <= 0 and S * f(u) >= 0.

`uniroot()` uses Fortran subroutine ‘"zeroin"’ (from Netlib) based on algorithms given in the reference below. They assume a continuous function (which then is known to have at least one root in the interval).

Convergence is declared either if `f(x) == 0` or the change in `x` for one step of the algorithm is less than `tol` (plus an allowance for representation error in `x`).

If the algorithm does not converge in `maxiter` steps, a warning is printed and the current approximation is returned.

`f` will be called as `f(x, ...)` for a numeric value of x.

The argument passed to `f` has special semantics and used to be shared between calls. The function should not copy it.

### Value

A list with at least four components: `root` and `f.root` give the location of the root and the value of the function evaluated at that point. `iter` and `estim.prec` give the number of iterations used and an approximate estimated precision for `root`. (If the root occurs at one of the endpoints, the estimated precision is `NA`.)

Further components may be added in future: component `init.it` was added in R 3.1.0.

### Source

Based on ‘zeroin.c’ in http://www.netlib.org/c/brent.shar.

### References

Brent, R. (1973) Algorithms for Minimization without Derivatives. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

### See Also

`polyroot` for all complex roots of a polynomial; `optimize`, `nlm`.

### Examples

    require(utils) # for str

    ## some platforms hit zero exactly on the first step:
    ## if so the estimated precision is 2/3.
    f <- function (x, a) x - a
    str(xmin <- uniroot(f, c(0, 1), tol = 0.0001, a = 1/3))

    ## handheld calculator example: fixed point of cos(.):
    uniroot(function(x) cos(x) - x, lower = -pi, upper = pi, tol = 1e-9)$root

    str(uniroot(function(x) x*(x^2-1) + .5, lower = -2, upper = 2,
                tol = 0.0001))
    str(uniroot(function(x) x*(x^2-1) + .5, lower = -2, upper = 2,
                tol = 1e-10))

    ## Find the smallest value x for which exp(x) > 0 (numerically):
    r <- uniroot(function(x) 1e80*exp(x) - 1e-300, c(-1000, 0), tol = 1e-15)
    str(r, digits.d = 15) # around -745, depending on the platform.

    exp(r$root)     # = 0, but not for r$root * 0.999...
    minexp <- r$root * (1 - 10*.Machine$double.eps)
    exp(minexp)     # typically denormalized

    ##--- uniroot() with new interval extension + checking features: --------------

    f1 <- function(x) (121 - x^2)/(x^2+1)
    f2 <- function(x) exp(-x)*(x - 12)

    try(uniroot(f1, c(0,10)))
    try(uniroot(f2, c(0, 2)))
    ##--> error: f() .. end points not of opposite sign

    ## where as  'extendInt="yes"'  simply first enlarges the search interval:
    u1 <- uniroot(f1, c(0,10),extendInt="yes", trace=1)
    u2 <- uniroot(f2, c(0,2), extendInt="yes", trace=2)
    stopifnot(all.equal(u1$root, 11, tolerance = 1e-5),
              all.equal(u2$root, 12, tolerance = 6e-6))

    ## The *danger* of interval extension:
    ## No way to find a zero of a positive function, but
    ## numerically, f(-|M|) becomes zero :
    u3 <- uniroot(exp, c(0,2), extendInt="yes", trace=TRUE)

    ## Nonsense example (must give an error):
    tools::assertCondition( uniroot(function(x) 1, 0:1, extendInt="yes"),
                           "error", verbose=TRUE)

    ## Convergence checking :
    sinc <- function(x) ifelse(x == 0, 1, sin(x)/x)
    curve(sinc, -6,18); abline(h=0,v=0, lty=3, col=adjustcolor("gray", 0.8))

    uniroot(sinc, c(0,5), extendInt="yes", maxiter=4) #-> "just" a warning

    ## now with  check.conv=TRUE, must signal a convergence error :

    uniroot(sinc, c(0,5), extendInt="yes", maxiter=4, check.conv=TRUE)

    ### Weibull cumulative hazard (example origin, Ravi Varadhan):
    cumhaz <- function(t, a, b) b * (t/b)^a
    froot <- function(x, u, a, b) cumhaz(x, a, b) - u

    n <- 1000
    u <- -log(runif(n))
    a <- 1/2
    b <- 1
    ## Find failure times
    ru <- sapply(u, function(x)
       uniroot(froot, u=x, a=a, b=b, interval= c(1.e-14, 1e04),
               extendInt="yes")$root)
    ru2 <- sapply(u, function(x)
       uniroot(froot, u=x, a=a, b=b, interval= c(0.01,  10),
               extendInt="yes")$root)
    stopifnot(all.equal(ru, ru2, tolerance = 6e-6))

    r1 <- uniroot(froot, u= 0.99, a=a, b=b, interval= c(0.01, 10),
                 extendInt="up")
    stopifnot(all.equal(0.99, cumhaz(r1$root, a=a, b=b)))

    ## An error if 'extendInt' assumes "wrong zero-crossing direction":

    uniroot(froot, u= 0.99, a=a, b=b, interval= c(0.1, 10), extendInt="down")

[Package stats version 3.5.1 Index]