R: Value Matching

match {base} | R Documentation

## Value Matching

### Description

`match` returns a vector of the positions of (first) matches of its first argument in its second.

`%in%` is a more intuitive interface as a binary operator, which returns a logical vector indicating if there is a match or not for its left operand.

### Usage

    match(x, table, nomatch = NA_integer_, incomparables = NULL)

    x %in% table

### Arguments

`x` | vector or `NULL`: the values to be matched. Long vectors are supported.
`table` | vector or `NULL`: the values to be matched against. Long vectors are not supported.
`nomatch` | the value to be returned in the case when no match is found. Note that it is coerced to `integer`.
`incomparables` | a vector of values that cannot be matched. Any value in `x` matching a value in this vector is assigned the `nomatch` value. For historical reasons, `FALSE` is equivalent to `NULL`.

### Details

`%in%` is currently defined as
`"%in%" <- function(x, table) match(x, table, nomatch = 0) > 0`

Factors, raw vectors and lists are converted to character vectors, and then `x` and `table` are coerced to a common type (the later of the two types in R's ordering, logical < integer < numeric < complex < character) before matching. If `incomparables` has positive length it is coerced to the common type.

Matching for lists is potentially very slow and best avoided except in simple cases.

Exactly what matches what is to some extent a matter of definition. For all types, `NA` matches `NA` and no other value. For real and complex values, `NaN` values are regarded as matching any other `NaN` value, but not matching `NA`, where for complex `x`, real and imaginary parts must match both (unless containing at least one `NA`).

Character strings will be compared as byte sequences if any input is marked as `"bytes"`, and otherwise are regarded as equal if they are in different encodings but would agree when translated to UTF-8 (see `Encoding`).

That `%in%` never returns `NA` makes it particularly useful in `if` conditions.

### Value

A vector of the same length as `x`.

`match`: An integer vector giving the position in `table` of the first match if there is a match, otherwise `nomatch`.

If `x[i]` is found to equal `table[j]` then the value returned in the `i`-th position of the return value is `j`, for the smallest possible `j`. If no match is found, the value is `nomatch`.

`%in%`: A logical vector, indicating if a match was located for each element of `x`: thus the values are `TRUE` or `FALSE` and never `NA`.

### References

Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.

### See Also

`pmatch` and `charmatch` for (partial) string matching, `match.arg`, etc for function argument matching. `findInterval` similarly returns a vector of positions, but finds numbers within intervals, rather than exact matches.

`is.element` for an S-compatible equivalent of `%in%`.

`unique` (and `duplicated`) are using the same definitions of “match” or “equality” as `match()`, and these are less strict than `==`, e.g., for `NA` and `NaN` in numeric or complex vectors, or for strings with different encodings, see also above.

### Examples

    ## The intersection of two sets can be defined via match():
    ## Simple version:
    ## intersect <- function(x, y) y[match(x, y, nomatch = 0)]
    intersect # the R function in base is slightly more careful
    intersect(1:10, 7:20)

    1:10 %in% c(1,3,5,9)
    sstr <- c("c","ab","B","bba","c",NA,"@","bla","a","Ba","%")
    sstr[sstr %in% c(letters, LETTERS)]

    "%w/o%" <- function(x, y) x[!x %in% y] #--  x without y
    (1:10) %w/o% c(3,7,12)
    ## Note that setdiff() is very similar and typically makes more sense:
            c(1:6,7:2) %w/o% c(3,7,12)  # -> keeps duplicates
    setdiff(c(1:6,7:2),      c(3,7,12)) # -> unique values

    ## Illuminating example about NA matching
    r <- c(1, NA, NaN)
    zN <- c(complex(real = NA , imaginary =  r ), complex(real =  r , imaginary = NA ),
            complex(real =  r , imaginary = NaN), complex(real = NaN, imaginary =  r ))
    zM <- cbind(Re=Re(zN), Im=Im(zN), match = match(zN, zN))
    rownames(zM) <- format(zN)
    zM ##--> many "NA's" (= 1) and the four non-NA's (3 different ones, at 7,9,10)

    length(zN) # 12
    unique(zN) # the "NA" and the 3 different non-NA NaN's
    stopifnot(identical(unique(zN), zN[c(1, 7,9,10)]))

    ## very strict equality would have 4 duplicates (of 12):
    symnum(outer(zN, zN, Vectorize(identical,c("x","y")),
                         FALSE,FALSE,FALSE,FALSE))
    ## removing "(very strictly) duplicates",
    i <- c(5,8,11,12)  # we get 8 pairwise non-identicals :
    Ixy <- outer(zN[-i], zN[-i], Vectorize(identical,c("x","y")),
                         FALSE,FALSE,FALSE,FALSE)
    stopifnot(identical(Ixy, diag(8) == 1))

[Package base version 3.5.1 Index]